A Discussion of the Orthodox and Radical Critiques of

Though performance appraisal has become an integral part of modern organizations and a crucial aspect in performance management in assessing their effectiveness and efficiency. Its critiques have continued as appraisals have increase in use and scope across sectors and occupation. The two dominant schools have been that of orthodox and radical critiques. This paper will discuss some of the orthodox and radical critiques of performance appraisal and evaluates the recent innovation of 360 degree feedback to see if it has been able to overcome the traditional limitations of appraisal systems. This paper will first define performance appraisal, then discuss the orthodox critiques of performance appraisal. This will be followed by the†¦show more content†¦Fifthly, managers tend to appraise wrong features such that too stress is put on easily identifiable things like timekeeping, looking busy, being pleasant and so on that are not the core functions of the job. Sixthly, the probl em of context, whereby its difficulty to distinguish the work of appraises from the context in which they work, especially when there is a degree of comparison with other appraises. Lastly, the variety of other distortions associated with the performance appraisal interviews which includes the problems of halo and horn effect (this where a manager rates employees on the basis of their personal relationships rather than by objective measure of their competencies and abilities i.e. one attribute of an individual is used as the basis to rate the overall performance of a person, irrespective of the stated criterion), the problem of manager’s reluctance to be harsh or overly lenient, which result in an error of central tendency in which everybody is rated as average, the problem of recent bias whereby recent behavior act as the basis of appraisal. 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Guide Music Appreciation Essay Example For Students

Guide Music Appreciation Essay Short and clearly defined musical phrases with two or more contrasting themes. . How do classic composers handle dynamic changes? It was dramatic, and they did not let themselves be held back by terraced dynamics. 8. How is the piano different from the harpsichord? When was the piano invented? When did the piano become more popular than the harpsichord? 9. Was the basso continuo still used in classical music? It was gradually abandoned. 10. What was the size of a classical orchestra? What instruments were usually present? Classical orchestras were typically large, but came in all sizes. Within them were violins, violas, cellos, double basses, flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, rumples, kettledrums, and a harpsichord or piano. 1 1 . Did classical composers treat all instruments alike or did they exploit the individual tone colors of the instruments? They exploited the individual tone colors of instruments. 12. What affect did the growing middle class have on music? The middle class had a huge impact on classical music. They wanted music to be available in their homes as well as easy enough for their children to take lessons to learn it. 3. What city was the musical center of Europe? Vienna. Austria. 14. What are the complaints with opera serial (Baroque opera) which lead to the development of comic opera? Opera serial was getting too excessive with their costumes and becoming to serious. The people wanted something a little funnier. What is a symphony? How did it evolve? A enlivenment orchestral form. They derived from the introductory piece called a confusio n. Classical composers lengthened the three sections of the confusion then added a fourth. They organized each section according to the principles of a chosen instrumental form and treated each section as a movement, separated from the succeeding movement by a pause. 16. Explain the sonata (or sonata-allegro) form. Explain each part. 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What are some other types of chamber groups? Woodwind quintet, the piano trio, and the brass quintet. 5. What is significant about Beethovens 9th symphony? In the ninth symphony the chorus and orchestra Join together and show the universal love for brotherhood as well as God. 26. What is the Viennese style? A term applied to classical style to avoid the ambiguity of classical. 27. What is the Classical style? Restrained, objective style of art. 28. What is a coda? Tail; a closing section. 29. What is an overture? Orchestral introduction to an opera or to another vocal or dramatic work. 30. What is a comic opera? Reaction against baroque style. .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .postImageUrl , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:hover , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:visited , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:active { border:0!important; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:active , .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099 .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d15ee44695ed6394b3735d171975099:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The language of performing arts EssayLight in mood and modest in performing requirements, comic operas were written in the vernacular- the language of the audience. 31 . What is opera buff? Italian comic opera. 32. Define ensemble finale. Closing scene in which several soloists each sing different words and music at the same time. 33. What is a pants, or trousers, role? Male role written for a female performer. 34. What is a Requiem? Mass for the dead. **You also need to know that opera serial is serious opera. Its what you normally think of when you think about opera and what was written in the Baroque era. We havent seen the last of opera serial yet. * Composers: Please include the following for each (l need to be able to tell that you read about them and did not Just Google them or use wisped, etc. And copied and pasted-read your textbook please) Dates Nationality Importance/major contribution Types of compositions Extra little tidbit 35. Haydn- (1732-1809) was born in Austria near the border of Hungary. He was accepted as a choir boy and student at a cathedral in Vienna, where he remained Strachey. For nearly thirty years Haydn lived as a well-paid but over worked servant, composing many opera, symphonies, concertos, and chamber music pieces. 6. Mozart- (1756-1791) began his performing career as a child prodigy. He played piano, harpsichord, organ, and violin beautifully. He sought to please wife who was demanding and ungrateful. Mozart never learned the art of getting along with people. He could not refrain from offering honest but unsolicited criticism, nor could he bring himself to flatter potential patrons. Independent, he insisted on managin g his own affairs. Mozart lived a short and difficult life, and now lies buried in an marked grave. 37. Beethoven- (1770-1827) was a musical revolutionary, as effective in his field as Napoleon in his, and far truer than Napoleon to his revolutionary cause. He had little education of any kind because he left school when he was about eleven. His organ teacher encouraged him to publish a few compositions when he was about thirteen and also helped him to find his first professional positions. By the time Beethoven finally moved to Vienna from his home in Bonn, Mozart was dead. He had a difficult and temperamental personality. An ear disease affected him in his early twenties and led to total deafness.

Keeping Shakespeare Moving free essay sample

This paper discusses the differences between William Shakespeares works on screen or in print. The following paper attempts to show that people enjoy Shakespeare for a variety of reasons. It shows how some people are used to enjoying the amount of Shakespeare a filmmaker can fit into a two hour film, while others enjoy reading it in full. In this essay the writer attempts to show that, whether on film or in print, anyone who enjoys Shakespeare knows that imagination is key to enjoying it. From the paper: But there are differences between the choices of experiencing Shakespeare. With a book, you can pause and come back to it later; you can digest it at your own pace. You can also reread certain passages and study the text more intensely than you can actors in a film. A lot of Shakespeares speeches state the same thing several ways, so that the audience at a live performance can catch whats going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping Shakespeare Moving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When reading that speech, you can enjoy the entire thing without worrying about keeping up.

Taoism Vs. Christianity Essays - Taoism, Immortality, Tao, Absolute

Taoism Vs. Christianity THE WAY TO IMMORTALITY A Comparison Between Taoism and Christianity and the Paths They Take to Reach Immortality PH 200 The basic structure of both Taoism and Christianity are parallel because they work to attain the same goal. It is apparent in both religions that by following a pure path, and devoiding ones self of earthly ambitions, wealth, and desires, one may reach the ultimate goal of immortality. But the way in which one reaches this goal is very different. Both religions believe in an entity that has existed before the universe, is the creator of all things, and loves and provides for all of creation. The Taoist believes in Tao, which remains a ?formless?, spiritual stare of mind. It rejects names and is therefore ?nameless? and unable to be spoken. Christians, however, believe in God, which takes on an active human form and is spoken as ?the word? of God. However, it is the differences between Tao and God that present the most evident factors that separate Taoism from Christianity. Unlike the Tao, God rules as a supreme being, while the Tao is at one with all, and does not master over anything. It is obvious that immortality is the goal in both religions, but the Taoist concept of immortality, and the way in which they become immortal differs from the of the Christians. Immortality, to the Taoist, is to achieve Tao, becoming at one with the universe. Christian immortality is to reach heaven, and walk along side God. Also, the Taoist must follow an individual path, that comes from within. While a Christian may reach heaven only by acts of his/her own goodness in accordance with their relationship with God. Creation, in both Taoism and Christianity, is stemmed from a source that always was and always will be. Taoists base their beliefs around the Tao, and the Christians believe in God. However, the essence of these two separate ideas differ dramatically in many other aspects. Unlike Tao, which claims to be ?formless?, God takes on an actual form, the image of man. The very first sentence of John's Gospel states, ?In the beginning was the one who was called the word...? This statement confirms the existence of a single being. Later in the text it is said that ?the word became flesh and dwelt among us?, thus becoming like a human. In contrast, the great Tao is ?infinite?; it flows everywhere and is always present, yet it cannot be seen or touched. It is ?empty like a bowl? and ?bottomless? yet its capacity cannot be exhausted. The Tao's own intangibility demonstrates the notion that it is frameless and therefore is not constructed into any shape or form. While speech and understanding remain the basis for following Christianity, the Tao cannot be spoken, and therefore can never be fully explained in words. According to the Gospel of John, in the Christian Bible, God sent John down to earth to speak ?the word? and lead the people to have faith. In order for Christians to acquire an understanding of their faith, they must receive some form of teaching or instruction. Christians go to church to hear ?the word? that is verbally preached to them through the words of a priest, who acts as a servant to God. With this being understood it can be concluded that without language, as the basis for understanding, Christianity could not exist. Taoism, on the other hand, emphasizes the fact that it is unspoken and therefore can never be verbally told or explained. Tao is described as being ?nameless?. It is exceeds beyond verbal communication and comprehension. ?Words can be used to speak of it, but they cannot be used to contain it.? Both Tao and God love and take care of all of creation. Every living thing depends on them for life. But the Tao is not a supreme being as God is to the Christians because Taoism is not monotheistic. The main focus in Taoism is not the worship of one god, but instead coming into harmony with Tao. Tao ?clothes and feeds all things but does not claim to be master over them.? Thus he says, ?the universe and I exist together, and all things and I are one.? God, on the other hand, stands above the universe as a higher being. He rules by power, setting certain standards which Christians are to live by and obey in order to reach salvation. The Ten Commandments, also known as ?the law of man?, are a set of rules, developed by God, that people are to abide by in order to avoid wrongdoing. Another element that separates the Tao from

Eve and City High essays

Eve and City High essays On November 1, 2002 Loyola Marymount held its annual sunset concert in Gersten Pavilion. This years performers included two hip-hop acts, City High and Eve. The performers for this year were up in the air for much of the month and the organizers were tossing back and forth ideas with the school, the school subsequently denied most requests...surprise huh? The two acts did a fantastic job and had two common threads between them. The first is that they have recorded a hit song together but the second and most outstanding characteristic is that their music sends a positive message. I have seen both of these acts on tour once before in a much more upscale show and enjoyed them very much. Eve had a large stage to work with, an entourage, lights, pyrotechnics and an enormous crowd. The show in Gersten was still what I had expected, amazing. She was energetic, enthusiastic to be at our small school and impressed with the fans. She had and an amazing energy that got the crowd up dancing and singing along with her. When she put her hands in the air hundreds of kids followed her lead. She sang numerous songs off of her first album entitled First lady of Ruff Ryders and her second album entitled Scorpions. The songs performed Love is Blind, What Ya Want Remix, Scenario 2000, My Bitches, Got What You Need, Let Me Blow Your Mind, Gangsta Bitches, Cowboy Scream Double R and Whos That Girl. On stage she presented her self as an intelligent African American women with pride and poise. Her style is very unique combining the roughneck attitude of MC Lyte, Queen Latifah and Da Brat and the streetwise sensuality of Salt-n-Pepa. With a combination like this and women is bound to be great. I was unable to find her influences but she proved herself to be a strong, stylistic, woman rapper with power and attitude. Her persona on stage is very real and inviting. Though Eve was the main act to play on Friday night I ...

Final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Term Paper Example Analyzing some of the recent incidents it is quite evident that the terrorist attacks are increasing day by day and there occurs a number of causalities and death. The recent reports appeared in the media relating to terrorism is quite alarming. The suicide bombings which tolled the lives of about 70 people and more than 100 causalities in Yemen in two separate incidents on 9th October, the death of two dozen people in a suicide bomb attack in Baghdad, Iraq on 1st November, the murder of six guards riddled with bullets in Philippines on November 2nd this year, are some of the recent terrorist attacks. Analyzing the recent terrors in the world, it is quite visible that it is none other than the Islamic States who executed thousands of men in the Middle-East countries. They conduct massive attacks with latest weapons and have already conquered a major portion of this region. According to the media reports that appeared on 30th October, the Islamic State executed one-hundred and fifty Iraqi villagers, and threw their bodies into a mass grave. This incident is one among the deadly attacks of the Islamic State which form a parallel government in th e Middle East region now. ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) or ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) has been identified as a Sunni, extremist, jihadist group which proclaimed themselves to be a parallel state based on Caliphate and establishes its power in Iraq and Syria in the Middle East. It is often viewed as the true adherent of al-Qaeda and implemented the draconian Sharia law, which in reality curtailed almost all the freedoms of women folk. This law strictly suggests the women to cover themselves from head to toe, denies education, and even restricting the food items that women can purchase. When the U.S. troops in Iraq exercised strict actions to regulate these terrorist groups,

Service Experience Report on Sugarpalm Resort in Phuket Essay

Service Experience Report on Sugarpalm Resort in Phuket - Essay Example Any individual visiting Phuket for the first time can go through the positive customer ratings and reviews on Sugar Palm Resort over the internet. The resort offers a complete recreation package which one can expect to have from a high quality vacation resort. Because of the increasing Sugar Palm as a favourite traveller’s resort, I have chosen it evaluate the service quality. I have made two visits to the resort and in this report I have discussed my experience to the resort. In the light of service marketing theories and concepts, I have developed this experience report on Sugar Palm Resort in Phuket. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SERVICE ENCOUNTER STAGE As mentioned above, I have selected Sugar Palm Resort Phuket to analyse the service quality therefore, all of the described models will be only used to evaluate the service experience of Sugar Palm Resort. Evaluating a service with few tangible clues can be difficult. A customer cannot evaluate the service of a resort without e xperiencing it. ... Figure I: Ease of Evaluation based on Product/Service Qualities Source: Lovelock, Patterson, & Walker, 2007 High-Contact Service When a customer visits Sugar Palm, he/she frequently interacts with the service personnel (Figure II). In other words, the nature of the service is high-contact service and in a high-contact service, making the experience of the customer appealing through the physical environment and excellent interaction with service personnel, is a challenge for the company (Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2010). Although most of the customers visit Phuket because of its beauty, still the service quality at Sugar Palm Resort influences overall experience of the customers at Phuket. Figure II: Levels of Customer Contact with Service Organisations Source: Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2010 Source: Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2010 The Servucation System The service points of Sugar Palm such as physical environment that is visible to the customers is known as servucation s ystem and Lovestock has identified three overlapping elements of servucation system, based on which I will evaluate the critical service points of Sugar Palm Resort service. Service Quality Evaluation – First Visit In order to evaluate the service, I personally visit the Sugar Palm Resort twice. My experience has been different during the first and second visit. Service Operations Phuket has attracted tourists from all over the world and has been an all time favourite place for the holidays. The hotel that I have visited was located in the heart of the city and was twenty five minutes drive from the airport. The service in terms of eagerness of the hotel staffs to look after the requirements of any visitor was a feature seen in this

Market Structure Analysis and Appliance for the Stables in the Urban Case Study

Market Structure Analysis and Appliance for the Stables in the Urban Area of Des Moines, Iowa, USA - Case Study Example When considering the customer base for the stables, the horse owners seeking boarding for their horses are considered as important and basic customers. The ideal location for the stables is outskirts of the city. In that aspect the stables located down town of Des Moines of Iowa are in an ideal location. The demand for horse boarding services depends on the number of horses in the city. The desire of the owners to participate in horse related competitions plays an important role in creating the market for stables. The first aspect that increases business is the high income level of the customers. The next one is attracting high income groups towards horse competition related activities. One more aspect that needs consideration is buying and maintaining a horse. This is a luxury. So the economic decline if any is capable of reducing demand for horse boarding services and other operations. The stables can flourish by gaining the share in the market by providing services at reasonable p rices. They have to provide a good location regarding the facilities provided for horses. The horse stable business requires a considerable investment of time for planning to develop and market the operations of the firm. The ability to sell the services should be concentrated on high income individuals. Thus the horse boarding and offering of other services needs a patient approach. The individuals or a group that wants to develop a stable must follow the zoning and building ordinances governed by local municipality. The three stables down town Des Moines have satisfied the regulatory conditions of Des Moines Municipal Corporation. (Dean Dyck, p. 1) 4. Market Profile The assessment of market potential is crucial for marketing activities of a boarding stable enterprise like Irish Run Firm. The number of potential customers in Des Moines can be termed substantial as there are very few vacancies in the stalls of the stables. The services like training the horses and owners by giving them lessons should be provided in the right location. The firms considered here are satisfying that criteria. All the three firms; Irish Run Firms, Hunters Glen and Valley Park Stables are

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout Full  Characterization  of  Gain  and  Noise  Boundaries  for  NFmin or  Unity SWRout Operation M. R. M. Rizk1,4, Ehab Abou-Bakr*,2, A. A. A. Nasser3, El-Sayed A. El-Badawy1 and Amr M. Mahros1,5 Abstract-For a receiver sub-block, Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is the first stage after the receiving antenna and as a key device, its amplification and noise figure (NF) affects the whole performance of the receiving part. In this paper we present a full graphical visualization in terms of gain, standing wave ratio (SWR) and noise for a GaAs HJ-FET transistor in two operating cases; i)NFmin, ii) Unity SWRout. The set of curves and contours presented will provide the designer with enough visual information about the transistor operating boundaries and will also visually assist on choosing the appropriate matching points for a wideband operation according to the desired (GT,SWR) for case (i) and (GT,SWRin,NF) for case (ii). Numerical examples are given for each operating case and verified via a microwave circuit design software package to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed graphical techniques. The results from simulations compare favourably with the visually estimated values. INTRODUCTION Introducing a wide-band LNA with acceptable noise figure and gain depends mainly on choosing a suitable transistor[1, 2, 3, 4]. Several successful techniques have been developed in the literature to develop discrete transistors with super low NF and high associated gain [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Different challenging techniques have been used to simultaneously get high gain, low noise figure, good input and output matching and unconditional stability at the lowest possible current draw from the amplifier. In 1982, Yarman et al.[12] introduced a software based non-linear optimization method based on their procedural simplified real frequency technique. This design procedure is applicable to broadband multistage FET amplifiers with no decisions to be made in advance. It was more efficient and accurate than other available CAD methods to fulfill the most optimum gain and SWR over a predefined bandwidth. This method was later extended by Perennec et al.[13] to optimize the noise figure in parallel with the gain and mismatch. Capponi et al. [14], expressed the performance of LNA in input matching condition by analyzing the Combined noise-SWR using the general curve family specified for a given active device. The determination of the required input/output terminations of the active device was explained in [15] when the power gain, noise figure, and input and output mismatch constraints are placed on the amplifier. Bengtsson et al. [16] devised a novel SWR test procedure for GaN-HEMT devices. In [17], the operation conditions of a selected high technology transistor were used along the typical design configurations to find a compromise relations between the gain, noise figure for the output port matching. Recentely graphical methods along with optimization methods for describing the full capacity of the selected transducer under a given set of noise figure and SWR constrains are discussed in [18, 19, 20]. Received  date * Corresponding author: Ehab Abou-Bakr ([emailprotected]). Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Behera, Egypt. Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy For Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt. SmartCI, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia. The (noise, gain, SWR) triplets can be expressed on the Smithchart as circles on both the source and load reflection coefficient planes [21, 22]. Choosing matching points on the Smithchart based on the variations of gain circles radii reflects on the noise/SWR performance of the whole amplifier circuit. Pre-Knowledge of the transistors full capacity with respect to gain, SWR and noise could facilitate the choice of the correct part for the targeted design goals. In this paper, two cases of design restrictions are taken into consideration; i) NFoperation, ii) unity SWRout. For each of these cases, a formed data base is used to create sets of boundaries for the transducer gain GT and NF that will reveal the full operating capacity o the selected transistor. Visual selection of the desired performance is possible and extraction of the appropriate matching points for single frequency or wideband operation is made simple. The selected active device for our investigation is the GaAs HJ-FET transistor NE3210S01 from Renessa Electronics [24]. The transistor is potentially unstable at VDS= 2V, ID= 10mAin the frequency rage below 8.6 GHz [26, 27]. So, by conducting the investigation in a range above this frequency (9-12)GHz, no additional circuit component is required to drive the transistor to its conditional stability region. As a result, the (NFmin) and their corresponding (ÃŽâ€Å"opt) provided in the manufacturer datasheet are used directly without any modifications. More intermediate dataset that is not provided in the datasheet, is used in our investigation. This was possible by using the interpolation option provided by the Advanced Design Systems (ADS) from Keysight technologies [25]. This manuscript is organized as follows: Numerical example and simulation verification are presented in section.2 for demonstrating the usage of the graphical gain boundaries and the imposing of SWR on them for NFmin operation. In section.3, the idea of correlating noise, gain and SWR on a single graph using NF boundaries are presented and aided by another numerical example. The conclusion is discussed in section.4. GAIN BOUNDARIES FOR NFMIN OPERATION All the basic formulas used in the presented analysis is listed in Table.1. In [22], three expressions for the gain are provided. These are; the transducer gain (GT), the available gain (GA) and the operating power gain (GP). The design of a microwave amplifier requires utilizing one or more of these gain criteria to reach the required design goals. Graphically, all the previously mentioned types can be represented as circles on the Smithchart. However, choosing which gain type to use in the design, depends on the transistor type and the required design criterion. +j1.0 +j0.5 GP circles +j2.0 +j0.2 +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 As the radius CP increases, the Value of GP decreases -j5.0 -j0.5 -j2.0 -j1.0 Figure1.For NFmin operation, Different operating gain circles obtained by changing the GP factor in (15) Table1.Basic equations used in the analysis ÃŽâ€Å"inà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - C1 = |S11 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(10) ÃŽâ€Å"b=S GA 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"inÃŽâ€Å"S gA= 2(11) ÃŽâ€Å"outà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - |S21| ÃŽâ€Å"b=L (2) g Cà ¢Ã‹â€ - 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"outÃŽâ€Å"L CP=P 2 (12) S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S 1 + gP(|S22|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) ÃŽâ€Å"in= S11 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (3) I P S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S rP=22 ÃŽâ€Å"out= S22 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (4) 1 + gP(|S22| à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |) (13) SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"a|(5) in1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"a| C2 = |S22 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(14) GP SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"b|(6) out1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"b| gP= |S21 (15) |2 GT= 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"sS11|2 |S21|2 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"L|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"LÃŽâ€Å"out|2 . (7) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S22|2 + |à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2 2|S21S12| (16) CA= gACà ¢Ã‹â€ - (8) G= |S21|I2 1 + gA(|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) I Pmax |S12 (Kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ | K à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(17) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2K|S21S12|gA+ |S12S21|2g2 NF = NFmin+ 4rn|ÃŽâ€Å"Sà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"opt|2 (18) rA= 1 + gP (|S11 (9) |2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S |2)|1 + ÃŽâ€Å" opt|2 (b) Figure2.Distribution of SWRout over operating gain circles for NFmin operation at 12 GHz a) A 3D representation with small values of SWRout displayed in lighter colors, b) A plane view of the same figure with actual values of SWRout on the color bar. 2.1. Imposing SWR on GT Boundaries for a Wideband, NFmin Operation Considering the above choices, the bilateral property of the Device Under Test (DUT) disfavor the usage of GT circles. Also, targeting a NFmin operation forces ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optand this prevents the usage of GA circles. As a result, GP circles in the ÃŽâ€Å"L plane of the Smithchart were used. 16 14 1212 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz9 GHz 10 8 6 Maximum attainable G T Minimum attainable G T 2 1212.51313.51414.51515.51616.5 Operating gain (G ) P Figure3.GT vs. GP, where GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax regions for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are shown in solid and dotted lines respectively. For a certain frequency of operation, changing the value of the GP factor in (15) will produce different circles for the operating gain as shown in Figure.1. Each point on the circumference of these circles represent a unique value of ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat can be used for matching according to the desired design goals. For further discovery of the device capabilities, SWR related to these values can be imposed on these circles. For illustration, only the SWRout levels are imposed in Figure.2 where lighter color regions represent lower values of SWRout. Although these are the desired regions to build our design around. However, for a wideband operation, reaching the required GT could prevent choosing matching points from these regions. Since ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optfor a NFmin operation, a graphical relation (GT vs. GP) will provide a pre- design information about the limitation of the selected transistor. Figure.3 explains this by specifying GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax over a range of GP for the selected frequency points, the solid lines represent GTmax while the dotted lines correspond to GTmin . In fact a database was constructed for this figure that contain all values of ÃŽâ€Å"Ls that correspond to each GP value. Later on, this database will be very useful in choosing appropriate matching points for wideband operation. A quick look to the figure revels that if targeting a wideband operation the desired GT should not exceed GTmax of the highest frequency. For example, the transistor cannot achieve GT higher than 12.73 dB for a selected frequency of 12 GHz. However, designing for a suitable SWRin and SWRout requires further correlation between GT and SWR. This is shown in Figure.4 where visual predication of the device operating boundaries are clear. The constructed database is extended by masking the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation. Since lighter colors indicate better values of SWR, it is obvious that for this particular transistor, the SWRin and SWRout are worse for lower frequencies. Also, the direction of the color stripes are diagonal for SWRin and horizontal for SWRout, this is an indication that, for this particular transistor, choosing an appropriate GP and its subsequent ÃŽâ€Å"Ls could result in a constant value of SWRin along the entire bandwidth. As an example to emphasise on using Figure.3 to design a wideband LNA operating at its NFmin, a targeted 12.7 dB is chosen for illustration in the range of 9-12 GHz. From Figure.4, the color contour reveals that the minimum SWRout=1 corresponding to this GT level belongs to a 12GHz operation. Then, the accompanying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are fetched for matching purpose as shown in Figure.5(a). The displayed ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs on the smith chart of Figure.5(b) were used by ADS to construct matching circuits to verify the expected SWR. the obtained simulation results are listed in Table.2 and compares favourably with those listed in Figure.5(a). 16351650 1430 1225 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 10 20 8 15 14 12 12 GHz 10 8 11 GHz 10 GHz 45 40 35 9 GHz30 25 20 6615 10 10 44 55 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRin Operating gain G P (a) 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRout Operating gain G P (b) Figure4.Imposing the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation, for SWRin and b) for SWRout +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz GHz +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 11 GHz (a) -j0.2 9 GHz -j0.5 GHz -j1.0 (b) -j2.0 -j5.0 Figure5.a) Extracting the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs from the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation according to the targeted GT ans SWR, b) Smithchart representation of the extracted ÃŽâ€Å"L pairs NF BOUNDARIES FOR A UNITY SWROUT For the condition of an output conjugate matching (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ), GA= GT and a unity SWRout is produced. All values of ÃŽâ€Å"Sthat corresponds to a particular GA circle gives the same value of SWRin. This is shown in Figure.6 where a contour of SWRin is imposed on GA= GT circles. The tip of the cone in Figure.6(a) corresponds to ÃŽâ€Å"Spoint that will produce a simultaneous conjugate match (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ) where (SWRin= SWRout=1).However, this figure alone cannot correlate the (GT,NF,SWR) triplets to give a full visualization insight of the device capability in this case of operation. GT, SWRin and NF Correlation for SWRin=1 Figure.7(a) illustrate the variation of SWRin along a range of GA= GT values where at SWRin=1, a simultaneous conjugate matching occurs. The data in Figure.7(a) alongside GA= GT values and their corresponding NF are used to construct a database to help plotting the NF boundaries shown in Figure.7(b). For a SWRout=1 operation, this figure can be used to visually predict both NF and SWRin for any targeted GT. Since, the marked points on the plot represent SWRin=1 for each selected Table2.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.5(a). Freq GT NFmin NF SWRin SWRout 9GHz 12.742 0.31 0.31 2.472 3.073 10GHz 12.710 0.32 0.32 2.438 2.319 11GHz 12.751 0.33 0.33 2.434 1.869 12GHz 12.760 0.34 0.34 2.379 1.033 (b) Figure6.3D representation of SWRin over a range of GA=GT circles a) Isometric view, b) Plan view frequency, it is visually clear that a SWRin= SWRout=1 is impossible for a wideband, flat gain design. For a wideband, flat gain operation with SWRout=1.Figure.7(b) reveals that GT flat max= GT max 12GHz is the maximum value of GT to attain a flat gain throughout the bandwidth. The previously constructed database can be used to fetch ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat will produce the visually targeted (GT, SWRout, NF) triplets from Figure.7(b). As an example, a targeted wideband operation (9-12 GHz) with GT=13.9 dB is chosen for demonstration, Figure.8 present the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfor the visually selected point. this point was selected to give the targeted GT for a simultaneous conjugate matching at 12 GHz with NFà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1.4 dB. the source and load matching points for the selected frequencies are shown in Figure.9. Again, ADS was used to verify the estimated (GT, NF, SWR) triplets by constructing individual matching networks using ÃŽâ€Å"Sand ÃŽâ€Å"Llisted in Figure.8. Table.3 present the simulation results which compares favorably with the visually estimated values. Table3.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.8. Freq GT NF SWRin SWRout 9 GHz 13.96 1.34 3.06 1.02 10 GHz 13.98 1.33 2.34 1.01 11 GHz 13.93 1.37 1.88 1.01 12GHz 13.95 1.33 1.12 1.03 CONCLUSION In this paper, rigorous graphical investigation to explore the selected device capabilities in the NFmin and SWRout=1 cases was presented. For the first case; a set of GT boundary curves and contours can be visually used to explore the expected values of SWRin SWRout for a targeted GT at NFminoperation. While for the second case; NF boundary curves were used to visually predict the NF, SWRin levels for 6 Simultaneous conjugate matching point 10ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , for 9,10,11,12 GHz 4.5 5 9 GHz S in L out 4 410 GHz 8 3.5 GHz 3 GHz 2 1 6 4 2 12 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 3 2.5 2 1.5 0 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (a) 0 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (b) SWRin Figure7.a) Distribution of SWRin over a range of GT, b) NF boundaries for frequencies 9, 10, 11, 12 GHz Figure8.Extracted ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfrom the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation. output conjugate matching that will result a SWRout=1. For both cases, a full database was formed to be used in the extraction of the corresponding matching reflection coefficients for any visually targeted operating points. The construction and using of this database was found to make termination points extraction easy and accurate. And As described by [19] ItcanbeconcludedthatthenearfuturemicrowavetransistorisexpectedtobeidentifiedbythePerformanceDataBaseswhereallpossibleLNAdesignscanbeoverviewedusingthefulldevicecapacity. REFERENCES Friis, H.T.,Noise Figures of Radio Receivers, Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 32, No. 7, 419-422, 1944. Collins, C.E. et al.,On the measurement of SSB noise figure using sideband cancellation, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 45, No. 3, 721-727, 1996. Collantes, J.M. et al.,Effects of DUT mismatch on the noise figure characterization: a comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 6, 1150-1156, 2002. +j1.0 +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 10 GHz 12 GHz +j5.0 +j0.2 12 GHz GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz +j5.0 9 GHz 11 GHz 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 -j5.0 -j0.2

Assault and Battery

Introduction In the context of criminal law, â€Å"assault and battery† are typically components of a single offense. In tort law, â€Å"assault† and â€Å"battery† are separate, with an assault being an act which creates fear of an imminent battery, and the battery being an unlawful touching. Assault and battery are intentional torts, meaning that the defendant actually intends to put the plaintiff in fear of being battered, or intends to wrongfully touch the plaintiff.The wrongful touching need not inflict physical injury, and may be indirect (such as contact through a thrown stone, or spitting). This article describes the law of assault and battery as it is commonly applied, although the law may vary in any specific jurisdiction. Assault An assault involves: 1. An intentional, unlawful threat or â€Å"offer† to cause bodily injury to another by force; 2. Under circumstances which create in the other person a well-founded fear of imminent peril; 3. Where there exists the apparent present ability to carry out the act if not prevented.Note that an assault can be completed even if there is no actual contact with the plaintiff, and even if the defendant had no actual ability to carry out the apparent threat. For example, a defendant who points a realistic toy gun at the plaintiff may be liable for assault, even though the defendant was fifty feet away from the plaintiff and had no actual ability to inflict harm from that distance. Battery A battery is the willful or intentional touching of a person against that person’s will by another person, or by an object or substance put in motion by that other person.Please note that an offensive touching can constitute a battery even if it does not cause injury, and could not reasonably be expected to cause injury. A defendant who emphatically pokes the plaintiff in the chest with his index finger to emphasize a point may be culpable for battery (although the damages award that results ma y well be nominal). A defendant who spits on a plaintiff, even though there is little chance that the spitting will cause any injury other than to the plaintiff's dignity, has committed a battery.

Anna Quindlen Essay

When you think great American author, many people think of Anna Quindlen. She won many awards. They include but are not limited to a Pulitzer and two Clarion Awards. She is an older sister and a daughter, as well as a wife and mother. Anna Quindlen has published many, many literary works, including novels, children’s books, nonfiction works, columns, and new table pictorials. This woman is not only an author, but she is a role model and hero to some, having accomplished her dreams with great dignity and grace. Anna Quindlen was not always Anna Quindlen the famous author. First, she was Anna Marie Quindlen, the oldest of five children in Philadelphia, and later on, New Jersey. She has one sister and three brothers, all of which are younger than she is, her sister being the youngest of the five. When Anna was nineteen, her mother, an italian woman, died of ovarian cancer at age fourty. She uses that experience in much of her writing, such as â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life.† This left her with only her father, and Irish man, as most of the characters in her books such as â€Å"Object Lessons’ are. Since she was a teenager, Anna Quindlen has been a feminist, and although her reasoning has changed quite a bit, she still remains one. Anna currently is married to a man named Gerald Krovatin and has three children. They all live in New York City. This incredible woman has written and published four best-selling novels. They are â€Å"Object Lessons,† â€Å"One True Thing,† â€Å"Black and Blue,† and â€Å"Blessings.† â€Å"Black and Blue’ was made into a movie as well as â€Å"One True Thing†. Anna also has three collection of her colums published. They consist of â€Å"Living Out Loud,† â€Å"Thinking Out Loud,† and â€Å"Loud and Clear.† She also wrote about her own personal experiences in â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life, â€Å"Being Perfect,† and â€Å"Imagined London.† â€Å"Being Perfect† is a national bestseller as well as â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life.† She was a columnist for the New York Times from 1981 to 1994, and 1990 was a big year for her. In that year she was given the title of the third woman in New York Times history to write a column for the Op-Ed page. In 1995 Anna became a full-time book writer and left her column and journalism. In 1992, Ms. Quindlen won a very honorable prize. In the category of Commentary, Anna Quindlen won a Pulitzer Prize. However, she did not stop there . She went on to win a Mothers At Home Media Award in 2001, and two Clarion Awards. The first, in 2001 for Best Regular Opinion Column in a magazine, and the second in 2002 for Best Opinion Column from the Association for Women in Communications. Annna has received honorary doctorates from Moravian College, Smith College, Denison University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Mount Holyoke College. She was also give the University Medal of Excellence from Columbia. Ms. Quindlen was also a Victoria Fellow in Contemporary Issues at Rutgers, a Poynter Fellow in Journalism at Yale, and a Fellow of the Academy of Arts & Sciences. These things, among others, are what set her apart from others, and she has something to show for her achievements. And so Anna Quindlen accomplished more emotionally than any other woman on Earth. She was the third woman to write a certain column for the New York Times, and a best-selling author at the same time. As a role model for women everywhere, Anna Quindlen went from being little Anna Marie Quindlen to the great woman she is now. Her words have allowed the people of the twenty-first century to make great life choices and love people for who they are. Anna is thanked and revered for as long as she is remembered, which will definetly be for years and years to come.

ADOLF HITLER Essays (1835 words) - Nazi Germany, Politics

ADOLF HITLER Essays (1835 words) - Nazi Germany, Politics ADOLF HITLER ADOLF HITLER 1. THE BEGINNING At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years in school. From childhood one it was his dream to become an artist or architect. He was not a bad artist, as his surviving paintings and drawings show but he never showed any originality or creative imagination. To fullfil his dream he had moved to Vienna the capital of Austria where the Academy of arts was located. He failed the first time he tried to get admission and in the next year, 1907 he tried again and was very sure of success. To his surprise he failed again. In fact the Dean of the academy was not very impressed with his performance, and gave him a really hard time and said to him "You will never be painter." The rejection really crushed him as he now reached a dead end. He could not apply to the school of architecture as he had no high-school diploma. During the next 35 years of his live the young man never forgot the rejection he received in the dean's office that day. Many Historians like to speculate what would have happened IF.... perhaps the small town boy would have had a bit more talent....or IF the Dean had been a little less critical, the world might have been spared the nightmare into which this boy was eventually to plunge it. 2. WORLD WAR I While living in Vienna Hitler he made his living by drawing small pictures of famous landmarks which he sold as post cards. But he was always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper which claimed that the Araban race was superior to all and was destined to rule the world. The paper blamed Communists and Jews for all their problems and hitler agreed to those views. Hitler agree with most of the points made in the publication. He continued to live a poor live in Vienna and in 1913 decided to move to Munich. Still living in Vienna and being Austrain by birth, Hitler showed more loyalty to the Geramny. He thought that the Aryan race was destined to rule the world. Many believe that he tried to escape the draft but it was never proven. His live in Munich was not much better then before and he continued to be poor. Then in 1914 World War I broke out and Hitler saw this as a great opportunity to show his loyalty to the "fatherland" by volunteering for the Imperial army. He did not want to fight in the Austrian Army. Hitler was a good soldier. Many of political opponents claimed that he was a coward but records clearly show that he was not. He received to awards of bravery but never achieved a high Rank. In 1918 Germany surrendered and Hitler was very upset about the loss. He believed that it was the Jews and the Communists who betrayed the "fatherland" and it was here that his disliking of the Jews most likely began. Germany after the war was in chaos. With no real Government to control the country, many groups tried to take control. One day a big communist group staged a big riot but another group of ex-soldiers including Hitler managed to hold them back. 3. THE NAZI PARTY Since there were not many chances for employment Hitler stayed in the army. Hitler was assigned the job of going go to various meetings of groups which sprang up like mushrooms and to report on them. One day September 12, 1919 - a fateful day in history, Hitler was sent to investigate a small group which called itself the "German Workers Party". Hitler was not to happy about his assignment. He thought it wouldn't be worth it to even go. At the group mainly talked

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work The following idioms and expressions use the noun / verb work. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help your  understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with work. English Idioms and Expressions All in a days work Definition: nothing special, part of the routine Dont worry about it. Its all in a days work.Cooking is all in a days work. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Definition: Idiom meaning that you need to have fun in order to be a happy, healthy person Go home! Remember: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Im worried about him. He hasnt yet understood that all work and no play makes jack a dull boy. Dirty work Definition: Necessary, but uninteresting, or difficult work He did the dirty work on that project.Have you got around to doing the dirty work yet? Get down to work Definition: Stop relaxing, focus on important task Hey, lets get down to work here!Sorry, Ive got to get off the phone and get down to work. Get worked up over something Definition: become angry or annoyed about something He got all worked up over the last exam.Dont get worked up over the garden. Ill take care of it tomorrow. Make short work of something Definition: do something quickly I made short work of the assignment and moved on to the next job.Give it to John. Hell make short work of it. Work like a horse Definition: work a lot, work very hard Janet works like a horse!Why dont you ask Tom. He works like a horse. Work out for the best Definition: eventually finish well Dont worry about your problems. Everything will work out for the best.The divorce worked out for the best for the whole family. Work something off Definition: lose weight Im going running to work dinner off.She went to the gym to work off a few pounds. Throw a monkey wrench in the works Definition: cause a disturbance in something that seems clear and understandable I hate to throw a monkey wrench in the works, but dont you think we should ask Andy to help.Everything was set to go when Jack threw a monkey wrench in the works!

Loss Aversion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loss Aversion - Research Paper Example This is evident in trying to explain loss aversion since its explanation is only one sided ignoring the loss-gain explanation aspect of this aspect (McGraw, Peter, Jeff, Daniel and David, 1440). Loss aversion patterns observed in the past periods makes it clear that when a loss and a gain of equal magnitude are compared and an assessment made, losses are realized to impact more on making choices than gains of the same magnitude would do. This is because a loss as it occurs is felt in the very short instances with great influence and severity as compared to if the same amounts of gains occurred. This asymmetry is mostly driven by thoughts and feelings that losses should inflict more pain than would gains of the same or slightly higher magnitude would bring joy and pleasure to the individuals (Harinck, Fieke, Eric, Ilja Van and Paul, 1099-1100). Some form of bias have been witnessed in the observations made since the loss aversion form of impact is mostly felt on non-monetary circumsta nces with the asymmetry not completely detected on monetary situations. This has been proved from several previous studies on monetary gains and losses such as that on mixed gambles assessed on bipolar scales. Support for loss aversion According to the previous discussions, loss aversion happens when people think and expect that losses have greater impacts when compared to the same gain magnitude. This version of the case has been proved by two studies; initially, it was proved that losses that were witnessed from a gamble resulted into greater impacts in feelings than those for gains; this might have been because the expectation may have been quite high. From the studies, it is highly acknowledged that the hedonic impact of losses is higher than corresponding gains. This is proved because negative aspects are processed severally in the different parts for the brains than the processing of positive acts, this highly raises psychological feelings due to increased neural activity. In decision making research, there are constructs of loss aversion that have been used in giving explanation to the effects detected such as endowment and status quo reports. The other effect that this form of act tends to explain is the framing effect that is developed for negotiations in the formation of coalitions (Harinck, Fieke, Eric, Ilja Van and Paul, 1100). . Reasons against loss aversion Despite the application of Loss Aversion having been proved, they may be irrelevant at times. From research, it is found that supporters of loss aversion highly exaggerate the situation. It is clear that negative outcomes are painful when they inflict any individual but it has been witnessed in the past that individual exaggerate the degree of the impact which even propels the inflicted to prolong the period of the feeling. The form of bias exhibited above has been witnessed and recorded through valid proofs in a diverse field of study where people tend to normally exaggerate their negative fe elings about negative occurrences (Kermer, Deborah, Erin, Timothy and Daniel, 651). In the past individuals have also failed to gauge how much they are able

Differences between Realism and Neo-realism Essay

Differences between Realism and Neo-realism - Essay Example The benefit of understanding theories of International Relations is that it permits an individual to carry out complicated analyses of ideas regarding International Relations. Theories of International relations are split into two groups, those that solve problems, and those that are decisive. Problem solving theories take the world as it is and tackle problems the way they exist in the system. Critical theories, on the other hand, raise the issues of originality of the obtainable organizations; they are likely to be rejected. Nevertheless, the two theories that this essay is going to focus on are under the category of problem solving theories. Realism theory was created before neo-realism. It is also the universally espoused theory of international relations that is greatly appreciated amongst researchers and learners. Advocates of realism have an unenthusiastic view about human nature; they believe that people are obsessed with their personal welfare. Their argument is based on the competition they have among them that. Therefore, to them realism portrays international relationships as a battle for power among self-centred countries and is equally  cynical regarding the views of eradicating conflicts and war. Additionally, studies indicate that international relations have been subjugated by realism for over 60 years. However, during this time, the theory of realism has gone through various transformations. These transformations are categorized into two schools, namely classical and neorealist (Bajpai & Mallavarapu 2004, p.491). Therefore, in order to identify the differences between realism and neo-realism, one has to critically understand them and be able to tell if neo-realism is an advance of realism. For that reason, the rationale of this essay highlights the differences between the two realist theories The Role of Morality Realism and Neo-realism are two diverse schools of thoughts .They show their differences from the international relations point of view. They differ in their manner of handling problems that are caused by the disputes of international relations. Consequently, even if the two theories are different, various aspects make them similar; some of these factors include the balance of power and anarchism. For instance, they both believe that there is existence of anarchy in international systems in which every state act autonomously, and is at liberty from interruptions from any global dominating body. In the state of anarchy, every country relies on itself and its major concerns; hence, it only deals with its own safety measures. In addition to that, both schools of thoughts have the similar opinion that the state is the prime actor in the international ground. Neo-realist scholars such as Kenneth Waltz think that anarchy among states is unavoidable, but do not trust that human nature have the capacity to handle the issues (Joseph, 2010, p.176). Power and conflicts The theory of the balance of power can be traced as far back as Thucydides who accredited it to the start of the Peloponnesian War. For classical realists like Morgenthau, the balance of  power was â€Å"a universal social occurrence that was instituted on all stages of social relations.† He  believed that the balance of power would appear â€Å"of need† as countries tried to declare their  control on the global arena. Morgenthau viewed the balance of power in the nineteenth century because of a sturdy global culture guided by the powerful nations in which it was made (Keohane 1986, p.631). Realists consider power as a stop in itself while neo-realists see  power as simply a way of bringing a solution. Moreover, as much as realists of all influences concur that those who take part in

You Be the Consultant Exercise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Be the Consultant Exercise - Case Study Example In addition, the management is able to analyze the new store more efficiently. Many business consultants would offer this advice to new firms. There are many situations when companies are successful and therefore, rush their expansion strategy. A rushed expansion strategy may be damaging to the parent company that was previously successful. Therefore, firms should realize the fact that the new smaller firms are a representation of the large firms and may have significant impact on the level of success. In a similar way, these new branches may be the stepping stones to the company achieving a much more superior level in its sector. Hence, the Wegman strategy is advisable as it gives the firm enough time to address the success of the new company and if necessary implement the appropriate strategy to enable the new store to adjust to the market (Banai, 886-900). One of the most important aspects of any company is the human resource. The importance of human resource is not limited to the intellectual capability of the staff members, but also includes their familiarity with the policies of the firm (Ammann, n.p). Companies frequently spend a significant amount of their budget in order to train staff members and ensure their competency. It is worth noting that the strategy by Wegman family to delegate the responsibility of the ne firms to its brightest employees has both positive and negative attribute. The positive attribute includes the fact that the employees have superior intellectual capabilities and are already aware of the direction in which the company is heading. These individuals are also familiar with the internal policies of the company that create its culture and brand image. Hence, the rate of progress of the new stores is likely to be faster and in coherence with the parent company. However, there are negative attributes such as stagnation and lack of diversity. The business world is constantly evolving, and at times it is necessary to

Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication Essay Communication is the expression of thoughts, feelings and ideas to inform, to persuade or to entertain. In business, communication has a vital role in promoting ideas, products or services and in building partnerships. If words are uttered or spoken, basically, it is a verbal communication. But if signs, facial expressions, body language, gestures and writing compositions are used, it is called nonverbal communication. Communication depends on the cultural setting of one country, for it may have certain rules and expectations to follow. Others may underline on the verbal communication and less to written compositions, but the American audience appreciates the use of nonverbal communications and may also prefer to have simple dialogues. Indeed, even in the Bible, verbal and nonverbal communications are important. At Proverbs 10:31-32 in New King James Version (International, G. C. , 2007), King Solomon speaks, â€Å"The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but the perverse tongue will be cut out. The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable, But the mouth of the wicked what is perverse. † In these verses, the power of uttered words is revealed as they have always consequences when done. On the other hand, in Nehemiah 2:2-3 in New King James Version (International, G. C. , 2007), it is said that â€Å"Therefore the king said to me, â€Å"Why is your face sad, since you are not sick? This is nothing but sorrow of heart. So I became dreadfully afraid, and said to the king, ‘May the king live forever! Why should my face not be sad, when the city, the place of my fathers’ tombs, lies waste, and its gates are burned with fire? ’† The nonverbal communication sometimes depicts the true emotions behind the deceiving words that have spoken. Basically, there are four main topics that influence the business communication of the American audience. According to Brown (2007), these are religion, etiquette, customs and politics. Issues about these topics are often argued, stressing their points and ideas, or even defend their beliefs. With verbal communication, they are sensitive to the said jargons and slang. There are still phrases which are distinctive to American language, although some words may easily translate to other language; they still have different meanings for them. Also, using acronyms for the first time must be avoided; otherwise full version should be applied. Another complexity in American language is the humor, as it has been described by non-Americans, their humors are course and heavy-handed. P. H. Brown (2007) said that â€Å"Face to face communication is rated as, nonverbal language 55%, the voice 38% and the use of words as 7%. Movement cues and face cues are invaluable aspects of your daily communication. † Nonverbal communications are effective in giving out information to Americans as it helps in creating person’s business reputation. Color, time, distance, voice, body movements and clothing are often misused and misinterpreted. Shades of colors depict different meanings from one culture to another. Time should also be considered, as the Americans respect the deadlines and set of appointments. Proximity is also sensitive but the common space for a conversation is about two feet. Usually, Americans speak too loudly and too much that they do not give enough time for the others to respond. On the other hand, their social gestures may be understood by other cultures. But eye contact is an effective tool to see the sincerity of the person. And in terms of clothing, Americans wear liberately but professionally in accordance with the occasion. Meanwhile, in writing business letters, straight to the point is important, as well as its simplicity. Usually, the Americans would like to see the point in the start of the letter, especially if it is a bad note. However, too aggressive approach are not advisable, but in a gentle and respectful tone. Verbal and nonverbal communications, according to Kotelnikoy (2007), are both important in business talks with the Americans.But, they more appreciate the nonverbal behaviors, as their culture molded them, to discern the true meaning of the messages. References: Brown, P. H. The Nassau Guardian Online Edition [Electronic Version]. Nonverbal Language is Effective. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from http://www. thenassauguardian. com/social_community/299978900121692. php. International, G. C. (2007). Bible Gateway [Electronic Version]. Passages. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from http://www. biblegateway. com/. Kotelnikoy, V. (2007). Effective Business Communication [Electronic Version]. Business Communication Defined. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/crosscuttings/biz_communication_main. html. Laflen, H. a. (2001). Online Writing Lab [Electronic Version]. Writing for a North American Business Audience. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/pw/p_ameraudience. html. Myers, R. J. , Penrose, J. M. Rasberry, R. W. (2004). Business Communication For Managers: An Advanced Approach. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.

Darwins Theory of Natural Selection :: essays research papers fc

Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not driven to publish his finding, which he’d been collecting for several years before Wallace struck upon it, because he had â€Å"never come across a single [naturalist] who seemed to doubt to permanence of species† (Ridley, pp. 70). What follows are the key points of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection taken directly from the two chapters concerning it in his book Origins. In chapter III of Origins Darwin sets up his discussion on Natural Selection by establishing the struggle for existence in nature. By this he means not only an individuals need to fend of enemies and survive its environme nt but also it’s ability to create living, healthy, successful offspring. The first factor concerning this struggle is the ratio of increase in any given species. Darwin explains how this struggle must be occurring otherwise a single species would dominate the entire earth because every single one of it’s offspring would survive. This is due to the fact that every species reproduces exponentially, a rate that would soon produce astonishing numbers if left unchecked. This does not happen however, because nature has a system of checks and balances. Although we may not be able to detect these checks, we can see their effects by the indisputable fact that one species doesn’t completely dominate the planet. These checks consist of enemies eating the young or even adults, the rigors of weather or environment, and countless others. In this way birds, for example, cannot populate beyond their food supply, and the grains they feed on are held in check, because even thoug h they may produce thousands of seeds only a few are able to reach maturity. Darwin goes on to show how all plants and animals compete and relate to each other in this struggle for existence. He does so by relating various personal observations that show the introduction of a different species of plant or animal can have a direct effect on the present survival of the indigenous species and even allow other foreign species to proliferate. This leads to interspecies survival, which Darwin considers the hardest struggle of all, and the one that may have the greatest effect on the evolution of a species through Natural Selection.

Review of Related Literature Essay

As clubbing became more interactive, technologies became more fashionable and innovative. There are many new installations were built to sustain the needs of interactive clubs. In these present times, latest equipments for sounds, designs, and lights are the most popular accessories in different interactive bars. According to Emmanuelle Waeckerle (2004), VINST is a video installation and interactive sound performance enabling real-time control of both sonic and visual representation of my voice – thus creating an extraordinary fusion of human body sound and video. This equipment is different because it is a sensitive vocal instrument to the reaction of the body. The sensitivity of this equipment will base on the movement of the body. If VINST is touched in a light manner, the sound are pure tones and when you touch VINST more, you tend to laugh and tickle but when you touch it harder, it will generate pain, but are also pleasurable sounds it creates while having this kind of feeling. LCI also offers interactive technologies for interactive clubs. One of their products is the Interactive Video that can be used in different parts of the clubs such as walls and floors. These interactive video were designed with different themes to match the ambiance, lights, and designs of the club. In this sense, interactive videos designed by LCI bring more life and fun to the clubs and to the customers as well. Human locator would also be a big impact to attract customers. According to the Freeset, the designer of this human locator, when a certain person or people passes through the human locator, it will track the movement of the person and while it locates the movement, the locator will act as a wave and move like the movement of the person. There are also different kinds of tables that can be use to attract more customers that will match their personality. These tables were invented to make the customers comfortable and enjoy while staying at the club. One of these tables is the table called reactable – a table that has tangible electronic musical instruments that would let people releases their love of music. According to TODO, the curators and organizers of 2007 BIP, â€Å"technology shower creates and designs. † Through this statement, they like to say that technology brings life and enjoyment to the consumers and the producers. In this article of TODO where electro wave was featured, the biggest free music festival in Italy, shares their knowledge and talent towards interactive installations for clubs that would help the clubs and its customers enjoy the time they spent there and make it more memorable and comfortable place to set the party. Some of its featured installations are Face2Face2Face, Oneword, and Are You Here? These installation were mobile all installations to locate different people and different places that have interactive clubbing. These kinds of interactive equipments brought life to interactive clubbing. Articles coming from different interactive installation professional, we can see that interactive clubbing continue to rise due to its demands. Customers would prefer interactive clubs than ordinary clubs to make their nightlife more innovative and creative. Facilities, equipments, and installations for interactive clubs will bring profit for the owners and enjoyment to the customers. Methodology Since this research involves an evolution of a particular existent activity which is clubbing, it is important to conduct a research and background study of the research conducted before regarding such topic. The methodologies involved in this paper also constituted an analysis of the existing club spots regarding the nature of these clubs, the equipments being used and the concepts that served as their foundation for success. Interviews are essential in this research in order to gather necessary information regarding the other existing traditional and interactive clubs. The interviewees include managers from different traditional and contemporary clubs and existent interactive club. The questions that were distributed to the managers comprised of the following? 1. When did the club found? 2. How long has it been active? 3. What were the major equipments being used in the club? 4. What are the most requested or most frequent activities by costumers? 5. Who are the most frequent costumers? 6. If there are any, what were the common suggestions of the costumers for the club? 7. How do you keep your costumers? 8. What were the technological enhancements that the club had undergone? 9. What were the installations that the club recently had? 10. What other enhancement would you want to install in your club? The total number of respondents is 50 managers for the United Kingdom clubs. Most of the respondents are managers of clubs that had operated and remained successful for at least six to ten years. They were also managers in such clubs for three to four years. The common answers were that the must in a club are the lively DJ’s high –tech audio gadgets which include woofer and loud bang speakers, surround digital sound , audio generated strobe and disco lights, light retractors, sound proof walls, cozy steel or wooden bar set, and a wide dance floor. The most frequently requested by costumers are the new disco or techno mixes in music and a DJ that keeps the night going. The drinks, the food and the services are also important to consider in ensuring costumer satisfaction. Another set of questions were given to frequent club goers in order to find out what they are looking for in a club and what is their knowledge about interactive clubbing. The questions include the following: 1. How often do you go clubbing? 2. Why do you go clubbing? 3. What kind of clubs do you go to, and where? 4. Why do you choose such clubs? 5. What are the technological installations in those clubs that you like best? 6. Do you know what interactive clubbing is? 7. Have you gone into an interactive club? (If no, Do you like the idea? If yes, How was your experience? ) 8. Which do you prefer, a traditional clubbing or interactive clubbing? 9. What would you like in a club? 10. What would fully satisfy you as a club goer? The total number of respondents is 50 club goers fro the United Kingdom. Most of the respondents are frequent club goers ranging from ages eighteen to thirty-eight years of age. Based from the result of the survey, most of the club goers go clubbing as a form of relaxation and socialization with other people. The clubs that are frequently visited are the clubs playing the latest music and audio mixes. It was also found that the audio speakers and the woofers of these clubs are the latest technological breakthroughs. Most of the respondents have heard and learned about interactive clubbing but only half of the total number of interviewees has actually gone into interactive clubs in the United Kingdom. The experiences were almost the same that was an astonishment of the new technology brought about by the combination of audio and visual effects of media translation. The same respondents voted in favor of interactive clubbing as against traditional clubbing. Their answer to the questions pertaining to costumer satisfaction can be summarized into relaxation and an energetic environment with the Jockey and good quality of sounds and more that the club can offer as other forms of entertainment. Most of the respondents are looking for something more than what has already been offered. The level of the costumer satisfaction is also increasing as the technology introduces innovative gadgets and ideas. Body Different technology installations were invented to make clubbing interactive. Interactive clubbing is known for the clubs’ latest equipments and facilities that would attract customers. Clubs today were built to attract bar hoppers in an interactive manner. Club owners bought different kinds of latest gadgets, equipments and facilities to sustain the demand of the present generation. Some of the examples of latest gadgets, facilities, and/or equipments that were built in different clubs are cameras, interactive videos, interactive tables, computers, sounds, lights, designs, and themes. Interaction with different clubs in different parts of the world can be done through cameras. For example, there would be an installation of interactive cameras showing different clubs in the world. These different clubs are part of the connection of interactive clubs for they will have their cameras inside their clubs to show the clubbers the situations in different clubs. Aside from the setting of other clubs, sounds and music can be heard through these cameras. In this sense, all the participating interactive clubs would have the same music played, which brings interaction and intimacy to all the participating interactive clubs. Cameras installed in these interactive clubs will also show the themes of different clubs in different countries. Therefore, themes and cultures in different countries will be shown through the interactive cameras. Computers will be installed for more interaction between clubbers in different clubs. Computers will help clubbers to communicate with people in different clubs that have the same interactive facilities if they want to. Sounds and music are the most important factors for clubs because these are what the clubbers wanted. In this case, sounds and music must be the primary attraction for clubbers that is why newly invented musical instruments and facilities are produced to make the musical atmosphere of the clubs became more attractive. One of the musical equipment used for clubs is the Pioneer’s DVJ-X1. This equipment brings more life and strength to the sounds and music of the clubs. Aside from this, it has different parts that can be used to make the sounds clearer, audible, and creative. Lights, designs, and themes are also the factors of bringing clubbers into the clubs. Clubbers would love seeing different kinds of lights and designs inside the club. Lightspace is one of the innovators of light displays to different clubs. According to them, they transform everyday surfaces into engaging, entertaining and interactive exercise, display, gaming and learning surfaces that are capable of stimulating and responding to human touch. Through this kind of evolutionary displays, clubbers would really enjoy going to clubs that has lighter colors and lively designs because it brings life and enjoyment to them. The clubs’ themes are also important to show the clubbers the atmosphere of the place. The theme of the club will determine its clubbers, facilities, equipments, and workers. That is why it is also an important factor for the clubbers. In addition to this, as its equipments, facilities, and displays are important, the task of the DJs or the VJs are also important because they bring life to the club. They are the one who will manipulate the whole night of dancing and singing. Fast-learners, professionals, creative, and imaginative DJs or VJs must be the controller of the sounds to make the nightlife comfortable and conducive. In these present times, many people who wanted to enjoy their nightlife. In the previous years, clubs were built to make people enjoy through listening to sounds and drinking with friends – this is the traditional lifestyle of ordinary clubs. Ordinary clubs can give only few things to its customers – listening to the sounds, dancing on the dance floor and become drunk. People during those times are not aware with the atmosphere of the clubs because these factors are the most important things that were set in their minds. As time goes on, people wanted more of it. Because technology became more in demand, inventors and owners became partners in making the clubs livelier and interactive, that is why interactive clubbing emerged. Comparing and contrasting ordinary clubbing to interactive clubbing would bring opposite directions of two interrelated elements. Ordinary clubbing caters few enjoyment and contentment while interactive clubbing brings more life and great atmosphere to the whole club because listening to the music and dancing on the dance floor would not the only thing to do. Through interactive clubbing, clubbers can do many things like chatting, watching the video walls, interacting with different clubbers in different clubs from different parts of the world, and playing with the designs, lights and themes of the clubs. In this case, interactive clubbing brings more freedom to the clubbers in whatever they want to do while clubbing. However, these kinds of interactive clubbing need to have more money, more knowledge, and more power. Having this kind of interactive clubs are not the same as having an ordinary club because it needs to have more people, more time, and more effort to make a certain club interactive. An interactive club can be said as creative and imaginative but it is an ideal – ideal in a sense that it is perfect, perfect in the eyes of every clubber. According to Wegner (2005), nightclubs enjoy a commercial advantage over domestic sound and light systems. However, the club advantage begins to diminish when consumer technology enables a car’s sound system or a home theater to provide a superior experience. Because of technology, the demands for these kinds of places are easily declining due to the competition of different technology innovators and innovations. Nevertheless, technology in interactive clubbing is more Conclusion While it is considered a fact that music video has ever been present in the world of clubbing, the evolution of technology has influenced greatly its player-performing end and the display-presentation end. Interactive Clubbing indeed open a new experience for club goers. The technological installations of wide digital surround sounds, and the LCD generated effects provided an environment of which only the future can offer. This research proposal therefore provided an assumptive conclusion on the probability of the status of an interactive clubbing. There is definitely a positive response of science and technology to the demands of interactive clubbing as proven in the proper combination of technological application of new installations. There are already experimental methods to place cameras at various clubs throughout the world which recreated a specific ambiance a traditional club. 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